So what is a BOP anyways: A blowout preventer (BOP) is an important part in the control of oil wells. Basically, it is a very large valve that closes off a well going all the way to sea bottom in case of blowout - an abrupt and uncontrolled release of oil or gas from beneath the ground. If the BOP does not work, there is a possibility for an oil spill of catastrophic damage to both environment and economy.
IV. Challenges of controlling blowouts in deep sea waters BOPs must be designed to function at depths of hundreds or even thousands of feet beneath the surface, where they are subject to incredibly high pressure. In addition the brutal conditions of deep-sea drilling - such as galling from saltwater and unusual temperatures-can also jeopardize the integrity BOPs and other equipment used.
To guarantee the reliability and performance of BOPs, regulatory agencies have established rigorous testing standards for their certification. For example, the American Petroleum Institute (API) stipulates that BOPs be carefully tested and reviewed prior to certification for use on offshore drilling rigs. Those tests included cutting drill pipe with the BOP when a blowout occurred, and testing to see if necessary parts like the annular preventer were working properly.
In addition to the strict certification process, there is a continuing discussion among experts as to how effective BOPs are today in terms of well control during oil and gas drilling operations. Critics say the reliability of BOPs hinges on what procedures companies use to manufacture and maintain them - itself a subject for debate with some operators, in pursuit of saving costs over safety. The 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster stands as a severe example of the limitations in even expertly crafted BOPs, when it broke down causing what is known to be one of history's biggest marine oil discharge.
However, the new BOP technology and improved well control systems provide ways to manage those risks for offshore drilling. As an example, they are currently in the process of testing "ultra-deepwater" BOPs that can operate at up to 12,000-foot depths. These high-tech systems use hydraulics and electronics to help control flow, response time is quicker making a given well better at containing blowouts. In addition, new well control systems can identify a possible blowout before it happens and protect disasters though proactive methods.
However, blowout preventers are useful safety devices that serve an extremely important purpose offshore drilling but they cannot be considered flawless. Still, improvements to both BOP technology and well control systems have been made in an effort to reduce the risk of disastrous oil spills like Deepwater Horizon - though these will never be a substitute for protecting our oceans from deadly pollution.
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